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  • Sonia R Muriel 9:00 am on June 19, 2013 Permalink | Reply
    Tags: , , , , team management   

    Types of toxic bosses (I) 

    A strong leader manages and guides their team and manages to develop the natural talent of their subordinates. They seek conversation and value professional polycromy. On the other hand, a boss orders and commands their employees and what is expected is discipline and obedience.

    The perfect leader doesn’t exist because the leader is a human being. In today’s post, with much love and respect, and a degree of humor, I’ll describe some of the types of toxic boss that we all have suffered under, to a greater or lesser degree, during a professional lives.

    Some types of toxic bosses

    Weathercock boss: One who changes decisions depending on the context, the person or the topic in question. It is almost impossible for them to think the same thing if you ask them several times about an issue and they don’t remember what they said in all security.

    Father-figure boss: They treat subordinates like his kids. They have a protective attitude with his team. They are usually well-loved butthey don’t help professional development.

    Fan boss: They have a special, innate skill to disperse responsibilities, problems, and especially, poor resultsto those who surround them. They are an expert in finding a scapegoat when they put their foot in it.

    Parasite boss: They live like a leech on other people’s work. Their working day involves attending meetings mainly, and looking like they are actually working

    Peter Pan boss: They live in a fantasy world. Perhaps a true battle is being fought in the corridors, they don’t say a word, not even to say good morning to the people who work in their team, and sadness and demotivation reigns in the organization, but if you ask them how things are going, they will reply ‘great’.

    Sonia Rodríguez Muriel (@sonia_rmuriel) is passionate about Human Resources. She is HR and Media Director at the Andalusian Agency for Innovation and Development IDEA.


     
  • Eduardo Sanz 9:00 am on June 17, 2013 Permalink | Reply
    Tags: , , , , , team management   

    The Coach Leader is the leader of the 2.0 world (II) 

    Estimated reading time: 6 minutes

    Last week we spoke about how a coach leader manages people. Today we will continue to discuss this type of leader as the defender of sustainable leadership: “that transcends people to be installed in organizations that lead, last over time, and are successful”.

    A coach leader believes that “we are all important, no one is indispensable”, they work to surround themselves with the best, prefer to manage people with potential, and develop them as a key part of their role, they are not afraid nor worried about their position, they put the“we” before “I” and their management directly impacts the balance sheet.

    Whoever applies this leadership model achieves major loyalty among the team; they manage to infuse anyone and everyone they meet in business with that spirit, no matter what department they come from; and create a true “company spirit”.

    The coach leader bases their leaderships on others and not on themselves.

    • Treat others like you want them to treat you
    • Build up a network of contacts and give added value to that network,get out and network.
    • Work on that “I” to build the “We”. Be yourself.
    • Give always without expecting anything in return.
    • Keep your mind open and clear.
    • Have a plan and execute it with passion. Not with enthusiasm, but passion.
    • Invest in yourself. You’ll soon see that if you need a leader, that it is only you.
    • Talent is there, success is built. Know yourself. Practise your skills (they’re there; you just have to discover them), find a coach to guide you on that learning and continuous growth.
    • Be flexible and creative. “Innovation distinguishes between a leader and a follower” said Steve Jobs.
    • Work as a team. Doing it alone is much more difficult than in company. When the work of a great leader finishes, people say: we did it!

    And use the 3 basic resources a great leader needs to have: common sense, critical thinking, and a sense of humor.

    Eduardo Sanz (@esanzm) is entrepreneur, coach and founder of Directivos en Acción.

     

     
  • Eduardo Sanz 9:00 am on June 14, 2013 Permalink | Reply
    Tags: , , , , , team management   

    The Coach Leader is the leader of the 2.0 world (I) 

    Estimated reading time: 4 minutes

    A coach leader is “the person who enables another individual or a group of people to achieve common goals based on their own effort and performance, which they wouldn’t achieve without their guidance”.

    In a competitive world, developing this leadership marks the difference between success and failure in a company.

    Our teams are the reflection of our leadership, so we need to bring them guidance, confidence, optimism and motivation.

    How do coach leaders manage people?

    1. They empower the team. They make the team feel front stage and know how to stay in the backdrop.
    2. They build responsibility and commitment, which enables the team to share the organization’s objectives.
    3. They network, staying in touch with the latest trends that emerge to conver them into powerful tools that can be applied to their work.
    4. They are coherent with what they think, say and do. They transmit that coherence so that any challenge can be assumed by the organization and the team without any doubts.
    5. They give access to information and resources to make the right decision. They give all the information necessary for their team and the resources needed for managing it.
    6. They work with them to choose the most suitable option to solve each problem, enabling them to make decisions quickly.
    7. They are able to exercise assertiveness in collective decision-making. As a conscious, congruent, clear, direct and balanced way of expression, whose purpose is to communicate ideas and defend their position without aiming to hurt or harm, acting from an inner state of self-confidence.
    8. They are always positive thinking and have ability to make changes in the team or in procedures so that they are accepted and taken on board easily.
    9. They master Verbal and Non-Verbal language and active listening, meaning they can take the right decisions that benefit the organization.
    10. They become involved in continuous personal growth and learning processes , which are usedto enhance their performance and that of their team.

    Eduardo Sanz (@esanzm) is entrepreneur, coach and founder of Directivos en Acción.

    And in your company, are you being led by someone with this profile or are you still with a pseudoleader?

     
  • Zyncro Blog 9:00 am on June 7, 2013 Permalink | Reply
    Tags: , , , , , , , team management,   

    Jesús Cepa, Director of Emite1TV: ‘We couldn’t work without an Enterprise Social Network. It’s like asking me if we could work without the Internet’ 

    Estimated reading time: 4 minutes

    Editor’s note: Jesús Cepa is Director of Emite1TV, an online television platform. They work with their own team located in several countries and with external contributors, which means task coordination and shared access to materials must be simple, practical and instant.

    How did the need that brought you to thinking about using an Enterprise Social Network arise?

    The Emite1 platform takes place in a digital environment and with a scattered team. We needed a comprehensive communication and coordination solution for the entire company, a tool that would fit in with the digital environment of our people and their equipment.

    What Zyncro function do you find the most useful for your organization? Why?

    Our work required major synchronization and communication among everyone. The work of some is dependent on finishing the previous tasks on time.

    It is also very useful for the exchange of large files among us. We work with video and we need an integrated medium to transport and store files in the cloud of considerable dimensions

    What impact has implementing an Enterprise Social Network had on the day-to-day in your organization?

    I think that without the enterprise social network we wouldn’t have made progress. The problems experienced initially in the project were sufficient to know our total dependence on this tool.

    Two weeks of chaos with emails and files circulating computers across the world was sufficient to make the leap.

    Imagine that you stopped using Zyncro tomorrow. What do you do now that you couldn’t do if this happened?

    We couldn’t work without an enterprise social network. It’s like asking me if we could work without the Internet. Simply Emite1 wouldn’t exist.

    And you, have you thought about how you can improve processes in your company using an Enterprise Social Network? Try Zyncro and discover the benefits of being a social business.


     
  • Jeroen Sangers 9:00 am on May 16, 2013 Permalink | Reply
    Tags: , , , , , , , team management,   

    Working out loud 

    Estimated reading time: 5 minutes

    I’m a freelancer working from home. A large part of my day, I don’t have anyone near, but I don’t work alone. On a daily basis, I’m in contact with my clients, my providers, and my partners with whom I collaborate on various projects.

    However, at times I miss the office’s coffee machine, where I could comment the latest news and laugh with my co-workers. These co-workers were also a major source of feedback related to my work.

    But there are also things that I don’t miss, like weekly meetings to discuss the status of projects.

    Now I only have my partner to have coffee with and comment the news. The rest of my communication has gone digital.

    Collaboration 2.0

    Nowadays, there are many tools to collaborate without needing to be in the same location, from email and Twitter—I still remember the interface at the beginning that went: “What are you doing?”—to complete platforms like Zyncro.

    When partners and co-workers aren’t in the same location, internal communication becomes even more important to generate results.

    Whenever I collaborate in projects remotely, I apply two habits that Bryce Williams identified in his post When will we Work Out Loud? Soon!

    Working out loud = Observable work + Narrating your work

    Observable Work

    This concept simply implies that the intermediate result of my work can be accessed by my co-workers. Instead of saving the document I’m writing in the folder My Documents on my computer, I use online platforms where my partners can see and comment on the progress and even edit the document.

    Based on this feedback, I can correct the focus of my work as soon as possible, and get better results in a shorter time.

    Modern collaboration platforms display in real time what each member of the team is working on. Each time I edit a document, my colleagues can see a notification in the system, even a summary with the changes made. What’s more, all the material is centralized and indexed in order to find the required information quickly.

    Narrate Your Work

    Similarly, I keep a public diary (blog or micro-blog) where I explain openly what I’m doing, what problems I encounter, what solutions I have found, and how I feel. I also share relevant articles I have found and obviously there is space for a joke once in a while.

    Finally, when working on a big project, I try to communicate each day at least these points:

    1. What I have done today
    2. What I have been unable to do
    3. What are the risks I have identified that will affect the project planning
    4. What my plans are for tomorrow

    During the day I keep a document open where I gradually answer these points. At the end of the day, I just have to publish it.

    If everyone in the team narrated their work openly, we wouldn’t need any meetings to assess project status and we would gain a lot of time.

    People who are already familiar with collaboration tools perfectly understand the benefits of working out loud. Others simply need to try it for a while to learn that they can collaborate efficiently remotely.

    Jeroen Sangers (@JeroenSangers) is personal productivity consultant and author of the blog El Canasto. He specializes in modern techniques to manage time, actions and attention, and provides training, consulting, and keynotes on a more intelligent way to work and live.

    If you want to enjoy the benefits that collaborating has for your productivity too, why not try Zyncro free?


     
  • Joan Alvares 9:00 am on May 10, 2013 Permalink | Reply
    Tags: , , , , , , team management   

    Liquid teams for liquid times 

    Estimated reading time: 3 minutes

    There’s one question that is usually repeated when you get up to present your company: How many of you are there? At times I say there are three of us, others that there are thirty odd, according to the need to be impressed I see in my interlocutor. And in both cases, I’m telling the truth, because at Poko we work with a basic core of project managers and a liquid team that adapts according to each project.

    I’m one of those who thinks that to do something that makes sense, a team needs to be adapted to the project, not the opposite. Because when a company refuses to leave its comfort zone, when it doesn’t feel the need to involve external talent and explore beyond its own knowledge, normally it’s because it is doing something that already exists, more or less prescindible, that expires, easily Chinesed.

    Today the best restaurants in the world are just that because they had brought cusine closer to fields as diverse as art, science or industrial design; to do that they needed to involve the best professionals in these fields. A talent that a fixed structure surely could not have paid, and that would not make sense having permanently in a kitchen. Tomorrow’s project will be different to today’s, and it will force us to find collaboration with different professionals

    In a constantly changing world, the Internet enables us to build big companies without the need to be big structures. The idea is to create talent ecosystems, capable of detecting challenges in a project and capturing the best specialist to respond. The Internet invites us to discovery, disintermediation, cooperation among professionals with different talents that work in different parts of the world. It’s up to us to accept that invitation.

    In your organization, do you also use collaboration networks for different projects? When you collaborate with disperse team, you need great communication to ensure everything works like clockwork. How about using an Enterprise Social Network for this? Try Zyncro!

    Joan Alvares is founding partner of Poko and lecturer at the Istituto Europeo di Design

     

     
  • Bill Cushard 9:00 am on May 2, 2013 Permalink | Reply
    Tags: , , , , , team management   

    On-boarding New Employees on Enterprise Social Networks 

    Estimated reading time: 9 minutes

    On-boarding new employees is a major undertaking for many organizations. In fact, for most training departments, on-boarding is most of what it does. A lot of money is invested in on-boarding new employees, but there are staggering statistics that show that all of this time, energy, and effort is largely wasted.

    For example, according to the Wynhurst Group, 22% of staff turnover happens in the first 45 days of employment and the cost of losing an employee is at least three times the salary. This means that organizations are spending thousands of dollars per new employee to on-board them only to see many leave, costing the organization even more money to replace.

    These statistics alone should cause business leaders to question whether their current on-boarding efforts are effective enough to reduce these numbers. The good news is that new employees who went through a structured on-boarding program were 58% more likely to be with the organization after three years.

    So there is hope.

    Learning Job Skills is a Limited Goal of On-boarding

    The purpose of most on-boarding programs is to help new employees learn the skills they need to perform their jobs. Of course, this is important, but not enough attention is placed on other important goals of on-boarding, including socializing new employees into the culture of the organization. This limited goal of on-boarding is short-sighted because research has shown that effective on-boarding and new employee socialization can lead to positive outcomes in terms of job satisfaction, better performance, higher commitment to the organization, and reduction in intent to quit.

    Therefore, if organizations can just change how they on-board new employees by thinking about socializing new employees into the organization rather than just training them, organizations can improve performance through new employees who are more satisfied at work, perform better in their jobs, are more committed to the company, and have a lower intent to quit.

    So how do organizations socialize new hires instead of just training them? This is where enterprise social networks (ESNs) come into play.

    Where ESNs Come In

    In most cases, a new employee completes a new hire training class and then is shuffled to a desk surrounded by people in their department. Most of what a new person now learns about the company comes from their immediate surroundings, which is only a microcosm of what the company is all about.

    What if a new person ends up sitting in between the two most negative people in the company? What influence do you think they will have on the new person? Enterprise social networks open up the entire company to new employees, and empowers new people to interact with anyone in the organization no matter what department they are in or where in the world they are located.

    In the remainder of this post, I share four ideas for how to use enterprise social networks to more effectively on-board and socialize new employees into your organization.

    Four Ideas for Implementing Effective Socialization on ESNs

    1. New Employee Group: Create a group on the enterprise social network and assign all new hire employees to this group. Encourage new employees (perhaps defined as people hired within the past 0 to 12 months) to interact with each other, share stories of their on-boarding experience, and otherwise support each other.

    2. Assign New Employee Community Manager: Many companies have community managers to facilitate interactions between companies and their customers. The idea is to improve customer engagement. Why not assign a community manager to improve engagement specifically among newly hired employees?

    3. Encourage New Employees to Reach Out (with Direction): One of the most important benefits of enterprise social networks is that they allow employees to easily communicate with people beyond their immediate network. The new hire community manager should encourage new employees to reach out to people all over the organization, which could mean reading posts of others, finding people with expertise, asking questions of people they find interesting or commenting on the posts of others.

    This reach out should be structured in order to get new hires started. One example is a scavenger hunt. All new employees could be given instructions to seek people out using the enterprise social network. Some assignments could be to 1) find three people who share a hobby or interest with you by searching employee profiles; and 2) find three people in departments or with skills and expertise you want to acquire and send them a message asking them a question about how they got started. There are many ways this can be done.

    By providing structure to early activities, it reduces the anxiety of what to look for and also gives new people the confidence to continue to reach out and build their network on the enterprise social network as they progress with the company.

    4. Provide Links to Resources Related to Their Job: As a learning and development professional, I can tell you that the worst thing you can do is cram everything people need to know about their new job into the new hire training. It is too much. New hires get overwhelmed and forget much of what was taught anyway. Enterprise social networks allow you to strip out much of the content from the new hire training, and provide it to your new people over time, and in the moment of need. Use enterprise social networks to post resources when needed and also allow users to share these resources with each other.

    A Natural Opportunity to Improve Performance

    Enterprise social networks provide a natural opportunity for vastly improving how newly hired employees are socialized into organizations. By leveraging the power of enterprise social networks, your new people can be more satisfied at work, will perform better, and will stay longer. How could you not want that? If you are not using an Enterprise Social Network yet, it’s time for you to try Zyncro for free.

    The ideas above are just the beginning of what can be accomplished on enterprise social networks. How are you using enterprise social networks to on-board and socialize new employees into your organization? Share your stories in the comments below.

    Bill Cushard (@billcush), a new author to our Zyncro Blog. Bill is writerblogger and learning experience (LX) designer and facilitator. He has extensive, in-the-trenches experience in creating learning programs that incorporate semi face-to-face and social learning methods. You can follow him on Twitter or on Google+.

     

     
  • Rafael Garcia-Parrado 9:00 am on April 26, 2013 Permalink | Reply
    Tags: , , , , , , , , team management   

    The professional facilitator in organizations 

    Estimated reading time: 3 minutes

    Technological advances and growing competitiveness force companies to stay permanently up-to-date, so collaborative practices are becoming more valued as a more than profitable option.

    Here we can talk about practice communities that can enhance productivity in organizations thanks to an improvement in processes and empowering the employees who should assess, propose and solve in decision-making.

    Placing these work groups at the heart of any productive improvement involves giving them autonomy, with the result being the sum of the individual productivities and knowledge transfer.

    However a change of such dimensions in any organization used to functional or departmental structures can entail a number of problems in managing this complex change. To face it, and to ensure that projects don’t de-virtualize from their auto-da-fe, total integration is required and not just changing the structure of the departments.

    To respond to these limitations in organizations, professional facilitators or facilitator teams have emerged, which are responsible for developing strategic capacities for re-focusing the actions of the work group.

    These professionals seek to:

    • Drive innovation
    • Ensure strategic cohesion
    • De-bureaucratize the organization
    • Instill a new way of doing things (innovation requires a method)
    • Streamline the organizational change
    • Use social technologies to provide business openness

    These professionals can acquire a greater role in the classical structure, while they reduce their weight and importance. Through their interruption in the work methodology, they seek to generate wisdom across the board that enables the company to give an efficient response to the challenges.

    To sum up, I want to highlight the importance of people, as a high level of involvement and maturity is essential in order for the companies themselves to adapt to the rhythm and the quality of their employees, achieving greater flexibility and orientation on the outcome.

    Rafael García (@rafagparrado) works as a consultant at Índize and has his own blog, which at Zyncro we highly recommend: La Factoría Humana.


     
  • Eduardo Sanz 9:00 am on April 23, 2013 Permalink | Reply
    Tags: , , , , , , team management   

    Leadership in difficult times (II): Accidental leader or “what have I done to deserve this?” 

    Estimated reading time: 8 minutes

    I want to start by thanking you for the great welcome my first article on this blog got and all the comments many of you made both privately and publically. This just reinforces that the ideas I mentioned are not just my own vision of things and helps to confirm that we all have a mission to change the Spanish panorama of SMEs with quality executives and leadership.

    Another reason that reinforces that we have “hit the nail on the head” is that all of you who gave your feedback are people that have experienced pseudoleaders. So they are not an urban legend that no one has seen after all and they do really exist. It’s no use thinking that they are just from the older generations, and those that have replaced them are “cut from the same cloth.”

    Curiously, none of these pseudoleaders have written to me publically or privately to say “Hello, my name is X. I’m a pseudoleader and I want to change. How do I do that?” So I ask myself, where is that self-criticism?

    An accidental leader could be any of you; a committed person with a restlessness, who collaborates and has always worked hard thinking that some day their chance to lead a project due to their own merits would come.

    Normally, accidental leaders find themselves with their boss’s job overnight because the company had thought that it could save expenses that way and that they would accept the position without questioning why or how and would limit themselves to doing what they are told.

    It is communicated to them with no mincing of words. “Hello, we have decided to make a change in Sales Management and after assessing several options, we think you are the person for the job. We have good reports from your boss, you’ve been with us for a while and you know the company. So do the visits you have planned and in 15 days’ time we’ll meet here to talk about how we are going to work.”

    You get excited and you follow your work plan and visits. At night in the hotel, you work on a detailed business plan in line with what the company needs and the market demands.

    When the day arrives, the message you receive is “We hope this changes quickly and you limit yourself to doing what we tell you, don’t forget that you’re here because of us” or “What you need to do is sell, stop giving excuses and sell. Your previous boss spent all day getting data on the competition and saying that we had to change things and analyze prices, but what you need to do is sell. We’re here to think, so less PowerPoint and more selling.”

    You’ll leave the meeting completely demotivated but you tell yourself that gradually changes and improvements will be made. The months go by and things stay the same, they didn’t want a leader and you realize that you haven’t worked or endeavoured so long to do that.

    You try to give your team training and the response is “Training is an expense, less training and more selling”. You start to notice that they don’t include you in the decisions and when the time comes, you ask yourself the question do you really want to continue or not?

    You know your potential, you know your areas for improvement and you want to work on them. What’s more, you have ideas to drive and help the company.

    I’ve discovered I’m an accidental leader. What do I do?

    If after reading this you can identify with this, don’t lose hope. Don’t worry, there is a path to solve it. You have several options and, although there is no good or bad one, I’ll give you a few. But remember, the right one will be the one you decide to take.

    Option 1: Accept it and resign yourself to the fact. If that role is enough for you and you are only looking for a title on your business card, it’s as respectable a decision as any other. Many people spend their lives doing something they don’t like and passing the hours, waiting for their day to end. If you are one of them, you still have time to change it some day. If you don’t want to, good luck in your job. I don’t envy you.

    Option 2: You’re restless and you can see that this is not the future you envisaged.

    • To start, don’t lose hope.
    • Be positive, maybe you will manage to make them change the way of doing things.
    • Seek allies that can help to change things for better step by step.
    • Relish those small successes, from a new customer to a sales rep that you have trained. Give yourself those moments of self-motivation.
    • Don’t stop learningand build up your network of contacts in case an opportunity arises.
    • While you are with the project, always give your 110% so they can never say you “didn’t do it” and if the results don’t come, you can be sure that you gave your all.
    • Trust yourself and your values.
    • You have talent, success requires training .
    • Never rush into making a decision that affects your future. As the song goes “you’ll never walk alone”. “When you walk through a storm. Hold your head up high. And don’t be afraid of the dark. At the end of the storm is a golden sky”

    In the next article with which I will close this trilogy, I’ll talk about new leaders: Leader-Coaches, the seed of the Sustainable Leader.

    Like always, I’ve written about my own opinion of things, but I’d love to know what you think. Feel free to comment!

    Eduardo Sanz (@esanzm) is entrepreneur, coach and founder of Directivos en Acción.

     

     
  • Juan Ignacio Barenys 9:00 am on April 18, 2013 Permalink | Reply
    Tags: continuous training, , , , , team management, ,   

    The People Manager as a Trainer 

    Estimated reading time: 6 minutes

    In this blog, I highlighted a few weeks ago how positive it is that the expression “human resources management” is being replaced by “people management”. It’s not something trivial. The temptation to treat people exclusively as resources has been enticing and has brought with it attitudes that are not favorable for their overall management, beyond the mere administration.

    People management is not solely the responsibility of the departments created for such purpose in organizations. It is the asset and unavoidable obligation of those professionals who are responsible for managing others in their organization. It includes diverse functions, however today I would like to highlight one in particular, perhaps the one most forgotten: continuous training. And never a word better used than continuous, meaning: without interruption, without need for prior planning and without resorting to the well-known liturgy of classrooms, audiovisual media and reserved timetables. All the above is not strictly necessary for training people, although obviously it helps.

    Has anyone ever told, for example, a sales director to not provide training in sales techniques himself whenever the opportunity arises with his agents? Has any ever stopped a production manager from continuously transmitting his experience to the engineers under his command? Of course not. There is no people management or human resources (or however you want to call it) department that can regulate substitutes, more or less dressed up as academics, that highly personalized, enormously practical and directly focused training for the organization’s benefit. Training that is given in the day-to-day, in the work meetings, in the individual conversations and in any act that includes the slightest touch of communication.

    However, on many occasions it happens like that. Managers omit with excessive frequency and ease the responsibility of giving that ideal training and clumsily resort to the cruddy “you’ll have such and such training program” or “they give me people that don’t need training”, unacceptable clichés in a modern idea of people management.

    We shouldn’t manage, at a level, without explicit desire to train the people managed. And that should not sound like out-dated altruism, please. On the contrary, it is not just the most noble of the acts in management, but also the most profitable, in terms of benefit for the people, without a doubt, but also for the organization that houses them.

    To train people, not resources, first we need to know what their learning processes are. This way, the corresponding teaching procedures can be adapted. Not everyone learns in the same way; as a result, you can’t teach them in the same way. In formal education of groups, it is difficult to individualize those procedures, but when it is daily training from management, it can be done. It’s often enough to want to do it and to provide the personal means to do it.

    There are five learning processes that we people use: stimulus association, consequence association, imitation, peer mediation, and reflection. A combination of these can occur, and in fact, it almost always does. In each person, there is a dominant process and the other that accompany it. These five processes have another number of procedures for teaching associated: adapting the practice conditions, increase feedback, show, provide guidelines, and invite reflection. Also here “each teacher has their own book”, i.e. there is a dominant procedure. From conjunction between them, that training to which I refer will emerge spontaneously, and the figure of the manager as a people trainer will be recovered.

    Juan Ignacio Barenys de Lacha is Director at Odati and Eskpe Consulting. Member of AEDIPE, creator of the Odati Method for training executives and managers, ex-CEO of Olivetti Information Systems Spain and of Sligos Systems and chairman of the World Forum Congress in Washington in 1990.


     
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